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1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This Code is formulated with a view to implementing technical and economic policies issued by the nation during ground treatment design and construction, and achieving safety and usability, advanced technology, economic rationality, quality guarantee and environmental protection. 1.0.2 This Code is applicable to the design, construction and quality inspection for the ground treatment of buildings. 1.0.3 Ground treatment shall use local materials in accordance with the requirements of engineering design and local conditions, so as to meet the requirements of environmental protection and resources conservation. 1.0.4 Ground treatment of buildings shall not only meet the requirements this Code but also comply with those in the current relevant ones of the nation. 2 Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.1.1 Ground treatment, ground improvement Technical measures taken in order to increase ground bearing capacity and improve its deformability or permeability 2.1.2 Composite ground, composite foundation Artificial foundation so formed by reinforcing or replacing partial soil mass that subsoil and vertical reinforcement jointly bear loads 2.1.3 Characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity Pressure value corresponding to specified deformation within linear deformation section of subsoil pressure deformation curve determined by load test, and its maximum value is the proportion limit value 2.1.4 Replacement layer of compacted fill Compacted replacement layer formed by backfilling non-aggressive materials of stable nature and higher strength after excavating soft soil layer or uneven soil layer within certain range under the foundation base 2.1.5 Replacement layer of tensile reinforcement Replacement layer formed by laying single-layer or multi-layer horizontal reinforced materials into the materials of the replacement layer 2.1.6 Preloaded ground, preloaded foundation Consolidated and compacted foundation formed by preloading with surcharge of fill and/or vacuum preloading 2.1.7 Preloading with surcharge of fill Ground treatment method to make the subsoil consolidated and compacted by adding loads on the ground 2.1.8 Vacuum preloading Ground treatment method to make the subsoil consolidated and compacted by vacuumizing and draining the sealed membrane covering on the ground surface of shaft 2.1.9 Compacted ground, compacted fill The ground with the fill compacted in layers by virtue of flat roller, vibrating roller, impact roller or other rolling equipment 2.1.10 Rammed ground, rammed earth Ground with compacted pier body formed through subsoil compacting treatment (repeat raising the ram and loosening to make it free fall that will generate impact and vibration energy on the ground) or replacement 2.1.11 Composite foundation with sand-gravel columns Composite foundation with vertical reinforcement of compacted sand-gravel formed by extruding gravel, sand or sand-gravel into the holes 2.1.12 Composite foundation with cement-fly ash-gravel piles Composite foundation with vertical reinforcement formed by grouting the mixture of cement, fly ash and gravel with water in the soil 2.1.13 Composite foundation with rammed soil-cement columns Composite foundation with vertical reinforcement formed by ramming in layers the mixture of cement and soil uniformly mixed to scale in the hole 2.1.14 Composite foundation with cement deep mixed columns Composite foundation with vertical reinforcement formed by forced mixing of curing agent (with the cement as the main material) and subsoil with deep mixer 2.1.15 Composite foundation with jet grouting Composite foundation with vertical reinforcement of soil-cement formed by cutting and mixing with the soil mass by the spraying jet of high-pressure cement paste ejecting from the horizontal nozzle through the rotation and lifting of drill pipe 2.1.16 Composite foundation with compacted soil-lime columns Composite foundation with vertical reinforcement formed by ramming in layers the soil-lime filled in the hole 2.1.17 Composite foundation with impact displacement columns Composite foundation with vertical reinforcement formed by column impact holing method and ramming in layers the fill 2.1.18 Composite foundation with multiple reinforcement of different materials or lengths Composite foundation formed by reinforcing with reinforcement of two and more kinds of different materials or reinforcement of the same material but different length 2.1.19 Ground improvement by permeation and high hydrofracture grouting Ground treatment method by grouting the cement paste or other chemical grout into the subsoil layer to strengthen the coupling of soil particles, so as to improve the soil mass strength, decrease deformation and reduce permeability 2.1.20 Micropile Root pile, precast concrete pile or steel pipe pile with a diameter not greater than 300mm formed with pile driving machinery or other small devices in the soil 2.2 Symbols 2.2.1 Action and action effect E——The compacting energy generated by dynamic compaction or dynamic compaction replacement; pc——The deadweight pressure of soil at foundation base; pcz——The deadweight pressure of soil at replacement layer bottom; pk——The mean pressure at foundation base, corresponding to the characteristic combination of actions; pz——The additional pressure value at replacement layer bottom, corresponding to the characteristic combination of actions. 2.2.2 Resistance and material performance Dr——The relative density of sandy soil; Dr1——The required relative density of sandy soil after foundation compaction; ds——The relative density of soil particle (specific gravity); e——The void ratio; e0——The void ratio before ground treatment; e1——The void ratio required after foundation compaction; emax, emin——The maximum and minimum void ratios of sandy soil; fak——The characteristic value of natural subsoil bearing capacity; faz——The characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity after depth correction at replacement layer bottom; fcu——The mean value of compressive strength of pile body test specimen (cube of 150 mm side length) after 28d standard curing; for soil-cement, the mean value of compressive strength of pile body test specimen (cube of 70.7 mm side length) after 90d standard curing; fsk——The characteristic value of bearing capacity of soil between piles after treatment; fspa——The characteristic value of composite foundation bearing capacity after depth correction; fspk——The characteristic value of composite foundation bearing capacity; kh——The horizontal permeability coefficient of natural soil stratum; ks——The horizontal permeability coefficient of coating area; qp——The characteristic value of pile tip resistance; qs——The characteristic value of side resistance of pile periphery soil; qw——The longitudinal flow capacity of shaft, namely water discharge per unit time under the unit hydraulic gradient; Ra——The characteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single pile; Ta——The tensile strength of geosynthetics at the allowable elongation; Tp——The maximum tension of geosynthetics per unit width, corresponding to the characteristic combination of actions; U——The degree of consolidation; t——The mean consolidation degree of foundation at t (time); ωop——The optimum water content; αp——The mobilization coefficient of pile tip resistance; β——The mobilization coefficient of bearing capacity of soil between piles; θ——The pressure diffusion angle; λ——The mobilization coefficient of single-pile bearing capacity; λc——The compaction coefficient; ρd——The dry density; ρdmax——The maximum dry density; ρc——The sticky particle content; ρw——The water density; τfr——The shearing strength of soil at the point at t (time); |
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