1 Scope
This document specifies the following safety requirements for separable spreaders applicable to cranes, hoists and manual lifting equipment:
Steel plate grippers;
Vacuum suction cups;
Non-powered vacuum chucks
Powered vacuum chucks (pumps, venturi, turbines);
Lifting electromagnets (battery powered and mains powered); - Lifting permanent magnets;
Electrically controlled permanent magnets;
Hanging beams;
C-hooks;
Lifting forks;
Clamps.
The following additional requirements are not specified in this document:
a) the high level of cleanliness required for lifting appliances that come into direct contact with foodstuffs or pharmaceuticals for hygienic reasons
b) hazards arising from the handling of hazardous materials (e.g. explosives, hot melts. b) hazards arising from the handling of hazardous materials (e.g. explosives, hot melts, radioactive materials);
c) hazards arising from operation in explosive atmospheres;
d) noise hazards;
e) Electrical hazards;
f) hazards due to hydraulic and pneumatic components. This document does not apply to spreaders for lifting personnel.
This document does not apply to slings, steel (iron) water ladles, internal rising spreaders, buckets, double or multi-flap grabs, container spreaders.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential provisions of this document through the normative references in the text. Among them, note the date of the reference document, only the date of the corresponding version applies to this document; not note the date of the reference document, its latest version (including all the revision of the list) applies to this document.
ISO 4306-1 Cranes-Voeabulary - Part 1:General
ISO 4309 Cranes - Wire ropes - Care and maintenance, inspection and discard
ISO 4778 Chain slings of welded construction - Grades M (4),S(6) and T(8)
ISO 7531 Wire rope slings for general purposes - Characteristics and specifications
ISO 7593 Chain slings assembled by methods other than welding - Grade T(8)
3 Terms and definitions
The terms defined in ISO 4306-1, ISO 12100 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Adhesion force
The force required to remove the load from a vacuum chuck (3.21) at the upper limit of the specified pressure range.
3.2
C-hook
"C" shaped device for lifting hollow loads. Example: see Figure 1.
Note: Hollow loads such as coils and tubes.
4 Safety requirements and/or measures
4.1 General requirements
The spreader shall comply with the safety requirements and/or measures of this clause. In addition, for relevant risks not mentioned in this document, the spreader shall be designed in accordance with the principles specified in ISO 12100.
4.1.1 Mechanical load-bearing elements
4.1.1.1 Requirements for static strength
The mechanical strength of the mechanical load bearing elements shall meet the following requirements:
a) The spreader shall be designed to withstand a static load of 3 times the rated load and shall not release the load even if permanent deformation occurs;
b) the spreader shall be designed to withstand a static load of more than the rated load without permanent deformation.
The spreader shall be capable of operating at an inclined angle of at least 6°. For spreaders designed to operate at an inclination, they shall be capable of operating at an inclination at least 6° greater than the working angle.
4.1.1.2 Requirements for fatigue strength
Verification of fatigue strength shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 8686 on the basis of the working level of the lifting tackle, which shall be marked on the lifting tackle or recorded on the documentation together with the load rating.
The range of stresses used in the fatigue rating shall be based on the maximum load as follows:
a) Vertical force is the sum of the gravitational force associated with the rated load plus the deadweight of the lifting tackle, multiplied by the dynamic load factor applicable to the lifting tackle, which shall be determined by the manufacturer in the design documentation
b) Horizontal force means a horizontal force that can be applied to the lifting device or lifting load at the same time and that produces a dynamic load effect in the vertical direction.
In a normal working cycle, the minimum stress in the stress range shall be 0 unless the deadweight of the lifting gear is greater than 20% of the rated load and the gravity of the lifting gear is not acting on the lifting load or on the ground.
The calculation of the ultimate fatigue strength of the structural details shall be in accordance with the requirements in ISO 8686 and ISO 20332.
4.1.2 Controls
The electrical control of the spreader shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60204-32.
4.1.3 Handles
Spreaders requiring manual guidance shall be fitted with handles to avoid finger injuries. If the product has its own handle, it is not necessary to install a handle.
4.1.4 Requirements for slings as part of a spreader
If slings are an integral part of the spreader, they shall comply with the requirements of ISO 4778, ISO 7531, EN 1492-1, EN 1492-2 and EN 1492-4.
4.1.5 Storage stability
At the end of use, the spreader shall be removable and stable for storage. A spreader is considered stable if it can be tilted 10° in any direction without tipping over. This can be ensured by the shape of the spreader or by adding supplementary equipment (e.g. supports).
5 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures
5.1 General rules
Compliance with each safety requirement and/or measure shall be verified in accordance with the methods specified in Table 1 and the requirements of Appendices A to G (see Chapters 4 and 6).
For products designed and produced in single units, type verification and independent verification shall be carried out. For products produced in series, product type verification should be carried out for one or more representative series of the series and independent testing should be carried out for each product produced.
5.2 Fatigue strength verification by test
The test arrangement shall produce stress changes corresponding to the maximum and minimum vertical load events described in 4.1.1.2. This includes the release of the full clamping force between the individual 16 working cycles.
The designed number of working cycles of the lifting spreader shall not be greater than 1/3 of the average life of the spreader under test (at least 3 units) or, if the number of spreader under test does not exceed 7, the designed number of working cycles shall not be greater than 1/2 of the minimum life obtained by the test.
5.3 Minimum classification
The minimum classification of a lifting spreader is LCD1. It is not necessary to verify the fatigue strength of the equipment if the following conditions are met:
Static strength meets the requirements of 4.1.1.1;
Made of steel with a yield stress not exceeding 500 MPa;
Excluding structural details where the fatigue strength is less than class 50 in ISO 20332.
6 Information for use
6.1 Manuals for use
6.1.1 General rules
In order to enable the user to correctly select, install, use and maintain the separable spreader during its normal service life, the user manual for the equipment supplied shall provide at least the following information and guidance (see ISO 12100; 2010, 6.4.5):
a) a brief description;
b) load rating;
c) design purpose;
d) characteristics of the load, including performance, and the number of parts that can be lifted at one time;
e) determination of the range of use;
f) instructions for operation and use;
g) installation, fixing, connection, separation and adjustment of the equipment on the crane;
h) handling and storage of the equipment;
i) stability (where applicable); j) temperature range for operating the spreader;
k) Restrictions on use in special environments (e.g. high humidity, explosive, salt spray, acidic, alkaline), chain slings in accordance with ISO 4778 and ISO 7593 are not suitable for use in pickling tanks due to the risk of hydrogen embrittlement;
l) Restrictions on the handling of dangerous goods (e.g. molten substances, radioactive substances)
m) prohibition of persons under the load;
n) special training of the operator if necessary;
o) dynamic load factor of the device.
6.1.2 Special information
6.1.2.1 Sheet metal clamps
In addition to the basic information specified in 6.1.1, the following special information should be provided in the instruction manual for the steel plate clamp:
a) Lifting one part vertically at a time;
b) turning the steel plate on the ground;
c) operation of the safety locking device;
d) surface condition of the clamped parts (grease, paint or coating);
6.2 Marking
6.2.1 General rules
The load rating of the spreader, the hazard warning and the safety instructions should be clearly marked.
The load rating of the lifting spreader shall be marked in a visible place on the main structure. If the lifting appliance consists of several lifting devices, each of which can be detached from the whole, these shall also be marked with their respective load ratings.
Appendix A (prescriptive) general validation method
Appendix B (prescriptive) Steel Plate Clamp Validation Method
Appendix C (prescriptive) Vacuum suction cup validation method
Appendix D (normative) Lifting magnet validation method
Appendix E (prescriptive) Method of validation of hanging beams
Appendix F (prescriptive) Lifting fork validation method
Appendix G (prescriptive) method of verification of clamping pliers
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Safety requirements and/or measures
5 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures
6 Information for use
Appendix A (prescriptive) general validation method
Appendix B (prescriptive) Steel Plate Clamp Validation Method
Appendix C (prescriptive) Vacuum suction cup validation method
Appendix D (normative) Lifting magnet validation method
Appendix E (prescriptive) Method of validation of hanging beams
Appendix F (prescriptive) Lifting fork validation method
Appendix G (prescriptive) method of verification of clamping pliers
1 Scope
This document specifies the following safety requirements for separable spreaders applicable to cranes, hoists and manual lifting equipment:
Steel plate grippers;
Vacuum suction cups;
Non-powered vacuum chucks
Powered vacuum chucks (pumps, venturi, turbines);
Lifting electromagnets (battery powered and mains powered); - Lifting permanent magnets;
Electrically controlled permanent magnets;
Hanging beams;
C-hooks;
Lifting forks;
Clamps.
The following additional requirements are not specified in this document:
a) the high level of cleanliness required for lifting appliances that come into direct contact with foodstuffs or pharmaceuticals for hygienic reasons
b) hazards arising from the handling of hazardous materials (e.g. explosives, hot melts. b) hazards arising from the handling of hazardous materials (e.g. explosives, hot melts, radioactive materials);
c) hazards arising from operation in explosive atmospheres;
d) noise hazards;
e) Electrical hazards;
f) hazards due to hydraulic and pneumatic components. This document does not apply to spreaders for lifting personnel.
This document does not apply to slings, steel (iron) water ladles, internal rising spreaders, buckets, double or multi-flap grabs, container spreaders.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential provisions of this document through the normative references in the text. Among them, note the date of the reference document, only the date of the corresponding version applies to this document; not note the date of the reference document, its latest version (including all the revision of the list) applies to this document.
ISO 4306-1 Cranes-Voeabulary - Part 1:General
ISO 4309 Cranes - Wire ropes - Care and maintenance, inspection and discard
ISO 4778 Chain slings of welded construction - Grades M (4),S(6) and T(8)
ISO 7531 Wire rope slings for general purposes - Characteristics and specifications
ISO 7593 Chain slings assembled by methods other than welding - Grade T(8)
3 Terms and definitions
The terms defined in ISO 4306-1, ISO 12100 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Adhesion force
The force required to remove the load from a vacuum chuck (3.21) at the upper limit of the specified pressure range.
3.2
C-hook
"C" shaped device for lifting hollow loads. Example: see Figure 1.
Note: Hollow loads such as coils and tubes.
4 Safety requirements and/or measures
4.1 General requirements
The spreader shall comply with the safety requirements and/or measures of this clause. In addition, for relevant risks not mentioned in this document, the spreader shall be designed in accordance with the principles specified in ISO 12100.
4.1.1 Mechanical load-bearing elements
4.1.1.1 Requirements for static strength
The mechanical strength of the mechanical load bearing elements shall meet the following requirements:
a) The spreader shall be designed to withstand a static load of 3 times the rated load and shall not release the load even if permanent deformation occurs;
b) the spreader shall be designed to withstand a static load of more than the rated load without permanent deformation.
The spreader shall be capable of operating at an inclined angle of at least 6°. For spreaders designed to operate at an inclination, they shall be capable of operating at an inclination at least 6° greater than the working angle.
4.1.1.2 Requirements for fatigue strength
Verification of fatigue strength shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 8686 on the basis of the working level of the lifting tackle, which shall be marked on the lifting tackle or recorded on the documentation together with the load rating.
The range of stresses used in the fatigue rating shall be based on the maximum load as follows:
a) Vertical force is the sum of the gravitational force associated with the rated load plus the deadweight of the lifting tackle, multiplied by the dynamic load factor applicable to the lifting tackle, which shall be determined by the manufacturer in the design documentation
b) Horizontal force means a horizontal force that can be applied to the lifting device or lifting load at the same time and that produces a dynamic load effect in the vertical direction.
In a normal working cycle, the minimum stress in the stress range shall be 0 unless the deadweight of the lifting gear is greater than 20% of the rated load and the gravity of the lifting gear is not acting on the lifting load or on the ground.
The calculation of the ultimate fatigue strength of the structural details shall be in accordance with the requirements in ISO 8686 and ISO 20332.
4.1.2 Controls
The electrical control of the spreader shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60204-32.
4.1.3 Handles
Spreaders requiring manual guidance shall be fitted with handles to avoid finger injuries. If the product has its own handle, it is not necessary to install a handle.
4.1.4 Requirements for slings as part of a spreader
If slings are an integral part of the spreader, they shall comply with the requirements of ISO 4778, ISO 7531, EN 1492-1, EN 1492-2 and EN 1492-4.
4.1.5 Storage stability
At the end of use, the spreader shall be removable and stable for storage. A spreader is considered stable if it can be tilted 10° in any direction without tipping over. This can be ensured by the shape of the spreader or by adding supplementary equipment (e.g. supports).
5 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures
5.1 General rules
Compliance with each safety requirement and/or measure shall be verified in accordance with the methods specified in Table 1 and the requirements of Appendices A to G (see Chapters 4 and 6).
For products designed and produced in single units, type verification and independent verification shall be carried out. For products produced in series, product type verification should be carried out for one or more representative series of the series and independent testing should be carried out for each product produced.
5.2 Fatigue strength verification by test
The test arrangement shall produce stress changes corresponding to the maximum and minimum vertical load events described in 4.1.1.2. This includes the release of the full clamping force between the individual 16 working cycles.
The designed number of working cycles of the lifting spreader shall not be greater than 1/3 of the average life of the spreader under test (at least 3 units) or, if the number of spreader under test does not exceed 7, the designed number of working cycles shall not be greater than 1/2 of the minimum life obtained by the test.
5.3 Minimum classification
The minimum classification of a lifting spreader is LCD1. It is not necessary to verify the fatigue strength of the equipment if the following conditions are met:
Static strength meets the requirements of 4.1.1.1;
Made of steel with a yield stress not exceeding 500 MPa;
Excluding structural details where the fatigue strength is less than class 50 in ISO 20332.
6 Information for use
6.1 Manuals for use
6.1.1 General rules
In order to enable the user to correctly select, install, use and maintain the separable spreader during its normal service life, the user manual for the equipment supplied shall provide at least the following information and guidance (see ISO 12100; 2010, 6.4.5):
a) a brief description;
b) load rating;
c) design purpose;
d) characteristics of the load, including performance, and the number of parts that can be lifted at one time;
e) determination of the range of use;
f) instructions for operation and use;
g) installation, fixing, connection, separation and adjustment of the equipment on the crane;
h) handling and storage of the equipment;
i) stability (where applicable); j) temperature range for operating the spreader;
k) Restrictions on use in special environments (e.g. high humidity, explosive, salt spray, acidic, alkaline), chain slings in accordance with ISO 4778 and ISO 7593 are not suitable for use in pickling tanks due to the risk of hydrogen embrittlement;
l) Restrictions on the handling of dangerous goods (e.g. molten substances, radioactive substances)
m) prohibition of persons under the load;
n) special training of the operator if necessary;
o) dynamic load factor of the device.
6.1.2 Special information
6.1.2.1 Sheet metal clamps
In addition to the basic information specified in 6.1.1, the following special information should be provided in the instruction manual for the steel plate clamp:
a) Lifting one part vertically at a time;
b) turning the steel plate on the ground;
c) operation of the safety locking device;
d) surface condition of the clamped parts (grease, paint or coating);
6.2 Marking
6.2.1 General rules
The load rating of the spreader, the hazard warning and the safety instructions should be clearly marked.
The load rating of the lifting spreader shall be marked in a visible place on the main structure. If the lifting appliance consists of several lifting devices, each of which can be detached from the whole, these shall also be marked with their respective load ratings.
Appendix A (prescriptive) general validation method
Appendix B (prescriptive) Steel Plate Clamp Validation Method
Appendix C (prescriptive) Vacuum suction cup validation method
Appendix D (normative) Lifting magnet validation method
Appendix E (prescriptive) Method of validation of hanging beams
Appendix F (prescriptive) Lifting fork validation method
Appendix G (prescriptive) method of verification of clamping pliers
Contents of GB/T 41098-2021
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Safety requirements and/or measures
5 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures
6 Information for use
Appendix A (prescriptive) general validation method
Appendix B (prescriptive) Steel Plate Clamp Validation Method
Appendix C (prescriptive) Vacuum suction cup validation method
Appendix D (normative) Lifting magnet validation method
Appendix E (prescriptive) Method of validation of hanging beams
Appendix F (prescriptive) Lifting fork validation method
Appendix G (prescriptive) method of verification of clamping pliers
