Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.
GB/T 36668 consists of the following six parts under the general title Condition monitoring and fault diagnostics of amusement device:
——Part 1: General requirements;
——Part 2: Acoustic emission monitoring method;
——Part 3: Infrared thermography monitoring method;
——Part 4: Vibration monitoring method;
——Part 5: Stress detection and monitoring methods;
——Part 6: Operating parameters monitoring methods.
This is Part 5 of GB/T 36668.
This part was developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this standard may be the subject of patent rights. The issuing body of this document shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This standard was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of the National Standardization Technology Committee on the Ropeway and Amusement Device (SAC/TC 250).
Condition monitoring and fault diagnostics of amusement device — Part 5: Stress detection and monitoring methods
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 36668 specifies the stress detection method for key structural components of amusement devices by the resistance strain gauge, and the stress state monitoring and fatigue damage diagnosis methods for large-scale frame structures or supporting elements of amusement devices by fiber grating sensors.
This part is applicable to newly manufactured amusement devices and amusement devices in service for stress detection of key structural components, stress state monitoring and fatigue damage diagnosis of large frame structures or supporting elements.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documents (including any amendments) applies.
GB 8408 Large-scale amusement device safety code
GB/T 13992 Metallic bonded resistance strain gauges
GB/T 18159 Specifications of amusement rides coaster category
GB/T 20306 Amusement devices terminology
GB/T 20737 Non-destructive testing - General terms and definitions
GB/T 20921 Condition monitoring and diagnosis of machines — Vocabulary
GB/T 33213 Non-destructive testing — Practice for strain monitoring based on fiber sensing technology
GB/T 33218 Non-destructive testing — Practice for equipment health monitoring based on fiber sensing technology
GB/T 34370 (All parts) Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments
GB/T 36668.1 Condition monitoring and fault diagnostics of amusement device — Part 1: General requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 20306, GB/T 20737, GB/T 20921, GB/T 36668.1 and the following apply.
3.1
stress detection
stress test for key structural components of amusement devices with resistance strain gauges, which the stress is subjected to the qualitative and quantitative analysis
3.2
stress state monitoring
online monitoring on the stress changes of large-scale frame structures or supporting elements of amusement devices by a monitoring instrument, which sends an alarm when the monitored stress is close to a controlling value, and based on the monitoring data, provides fatigue damage condition and life prediction for the structures
3.3
damage diagnosis
process of estimating the damage of structures, by which the stress response data of amusement device structures is used to analyze the changes of structural physical parameters
4 Overview
4.1 Stress detection method with strain gauges
4.1.1 Basic principle
A resistance strain gauge is bonded and welded on the key structural components of amusement devices. The sensitive grid on the strain gauge presents various changing resistance values as the detected structure expanded or shortened. The resistance changing rate of the resistance strain gauge is in direct proportion to the measured strain. By measuring the resistance of the resistance strain gauge, the strain in the detected area can be figured out.
4.1.2 Detection purposes
The purposes of stress detection on key structural components of amusement devices by resistance strain gauges mainly involve in three aspects as follows:
a) Obtain the stress distribution regularity and stress concentration regarding the key structural components of amusement devices;
b) Test the strength of key structural components of amusement devices;
c) Verify the design rationality of key structural components of amusement devices.
4.1.3 Advantages and limitations
The main advantages when using resistance strain gauges for stress detection are as follows:
a) High sensitivity and precision of measurement;
b) Easy to be installed;
c) Wide measuring range;
d) It can measure a variety of mechanical signals, such as torque, shear stress, concentrated stress.
Limitations are as follows:
a) The measurement results are prone to drift due to the electromagnetic interference;
b) Not applicable to long-term monitoring.
4.1.4 Interference factors
Electromagnetic and radio frequency interference may affect the stress detection results. To avoid the electromagnetic interference, the shielding lines shall be used for the connection between bridge boxes and strain gauges and the shielding net shall be grounded.
4.2 Stress monitoring method with fiber grating sensors
4.2.1 Basic principle
A fiber grating sensor is bonded or welded on the large-scale frame structure or supporting element of amusement devices. When amusement devices work, the physical quantities like structural stress and temperature changes due to different load and external environment, which leads to the changes on grating period or effective index of refraction of fiber grating sensor and the drift of reflected center wavelength via fiber grating. By measuring the drift of the center wavelength of fiber grating sensors, the changes of physical quantities such as temperature and stress of the measured structure may be presented.
4.2.2 Monitoring purposes
Stress monitoring method with fiber grating sensors is conducted to monitor the stress time history curve of large-scale frame structure or supporting elements of amusement devices in continuous service. On the one hand, it is conducted for finding out the anomaly in time and take remedial measures, and on the other hand, based on the stress data monitored in real time, it is aimed at damage diagnosis analysis and life prediction for the structures.
4.2.3 Advantages and limitations
The main advantages when using fiber grating sensors for stress state monitoring are as follows:
a) Large capacity. It makes it possible to measure various parameter changes at dozens of points simultaneously on one optical fiber.
b) High precision. It is not affected by power fluctuation of optical source, optical fiber micro-bend effect and coupling loss.
c) No zero drift. Regular verification after delivery is not required, and the system maintenance cost is very low.
d) Resistant to the electromagnetic interference. The optical fiber made of electrical insulating materials transmit information with photon, so the electromagnetic field interference is avoided.
e) Good durability. Optical fiber is of stable chemical properties and strong acid and alkali corrosion resistance, and is applicable to extreme environment.
f) Easy to be installed. Because of its simple structure and small size, the sensor is applicable for various purposes, especially for embedding into the material and forming so-called intelligent materials or structures.
g) Capable for long-term monitoring.
Limitations are as follows:
a) A sensor can only cover one testing point of the structure, i.e. point monitoring;
b) Fiber grating sensors are subjected to both strain and temperature changes, so temperature compensation shall be presented as monitoring strain.
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Overview
5 Safety requirements
6 Personnel requirements
7 Requirements for equipment and apparatus
8 Technological procedure of detection/monitoring
9 Detection/monitoring method
10 Detection/monitoring data processing method
11 Evaluation method
12 Inspection and maintenance strategy
13 Records and reports
Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.
GB/T 36668 consists of the following six parts under the general title Condition monitoring and fault diagnostics of amusement device:
——Part 1: General requirements;
——Part 2: Acoustic emission monitoring method;
——Part 3: Infrared thermography monitoring method;
——Part 4: Vibration monitoring method;
——Part 5: Stress detection and monitoring methods;
——Part 6: Operating parameters monitoring methods.
This is Part 5 of GB/T 36668.
This part was developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this standard may be the subject of patent rights. The issuing body of this document shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This standard was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of the National Standardization Technology Committee on the Ropeway and Amusement Device (SAC/TC 250).
Condition monitoring and fault diagnostics of amusement device — Part 5: Stress detection and monitoring methods
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 36668 specifies the stress detection method for key structural components of amusement devices by the resistance strain gauge, and the stress state monitoring and fatigue damage diagnosis methods for large-scale frame structures or supporting elements of amusement devices by fiber grating sensors.
This part is applicable to newly manufactured amusement devices and amusement devices in service for stress detection of key structural components, stress state monitoring and fatigue damage diagnosis of large frame structures or supporting elements.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documents (including any amendments) applies.
GB 8408 Large-scale amusement device safety code
GB/T 13992 Metallic bonded resistance strain gauges
GB/T 18159 Specifications of amusement rides coaster category
GB/T 20306 Amusement devices terminology
GB/T 20737 Non-destructive testing - General terms and definitions
GB/T 20921 Condition monitoring and diagnosis of machines — Vocabulary
GB/T 33213 Non-destructive testing — Practice for strain monitoring based on fiber sensing technology
GB/T 33218 Non-destructive testing — Practice for equipment health monitoring based on fiber sensing technology
GB/T 34370 (All parts) Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments
GB/T 36668.1 Condition monitoring and fault diagnostics of amusement device — Part 1: General requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 20306, GB/T 20737, GB/T 20921, GB/T 36668.1 and the following apply.
3.1
stress detection
stress test for key structural components of amusement devices with resistance strain gauges, which the stress is subjected to the qualitative and quantitative analysis
3.2
stress state monitoring
online monitoring on the stress changes of large-scale frame structures or supporting elements of amusement devices by a monitoring instrument, which sends an alarm when the monitored stress is close to a controlling value, and based on the monitoring data, provides fatigue damage condition and life prediction for the structures
3.3
damage diagnosis
process of estimating the damage of structures, by which the stress response data of amusement device structures is used to analyze the changes of structural physical parameters
4 Overview
4.1 Stress detection method with strain gauges
4.1.1 Basic principle
A resistance strain gauge is bonded and welded on the key structural components of amusement devices. The sensitive grid on the strain gauge presents various changing resistance values as the detected structure expanded or shortened. The resistance changing rate of the resistance strain gauge is in direct proportion to the measured strain. By measuring the resistance of the resistance strain gauge, the strain in the detected area can be figured out.
4.1.2 Detection purposes
The purposes of stress detection on key structural components of amusement devices by resistance strain gauges mainly involve in three aspects as follows:
a) Obtain the stress distribution regularity and stress concentration regarding the key structural components of amusement devices;
b) Test the strength of key structural components of amusement devices;
c) Verify the design rationality of key structural components of amusement devices.
4.1.3 Advantages and limitations
The main advantages when using resistance strain gauges for stress detection are as follows:
a) High sensitivity and precision of measurement;
b) Easy to be installed;
c) Wide measuring range;
d) It can measure a variety of mechanical signals, such as torque, shear stress, concentrated stress.
Limitations are as follows:
a) The measurement results are prone to drift due to the electromagnetic interference;
b) Not applicable to long-term monitoring.
4.1.4 Interference factors
Electromagnetic and radio frequency interference may affect the stress detection results. To avoid the electromagnetic interference, the shielding lines shall be used for the connection between bridge boxes and strain gauges and the shielding net shall be grounded.
4.2 Stress monitoring method with fiber grating sensors
4.2.1 Basic principle
A fiber grating sensor is bonded or welded on the large-scale frame structure or supporting element of amusement devices. When amusement devices work, the physical quantities like structural stress and temperature changes due to different load and external environment, which leads to the changes on grating period or effective index of refraction of fiber grating sensor and the drift of reflected center wavelength via fiber grating. By measuring the drift of the center wavelength of fiber grating sensors, the changes of physical quantities such as temperature and stress of the measured structure may be presented.
4.2.2 Monitoring purposes
Stress monitoring method with fiber grating sensors is conducted to monitor the stress time history curve of large-scale frame structure or supporting elements of amusement devices in continuous service. On the one hand, it is conducted for finding out the anomaly in time and take remedial measures, and on the other hand, based on the stress data monitored in real time, it is aimed at damage diagnosis analysis and life prediction for the structures.
4.2.3 Advantages and limitations
The main advantages when using fiber grating sensors for stress state monitoring are as follows:
a) Large capacity. It makes it possible to measure various parameter changes at dozens of points simultaneously on one optical fiber.
b) High precision. It is not affected by power fluctuation of optical source, optical fiber micro-bend effect and coupling loss.
c) No zero drift. Regular verification after delivery is not required, and the system maintenance cost is very low.
d) Resistant to the electromagnetic interference. The optical fiber made of electrical insulating materials transmit information with photon, so the electromagnetic field interference is avoided.
e) Good durability. Optical fiber is of stable chemical properties and strong acid and alkali corrosion resistance, and is applicable to extreme environment.
f) Easy to be installed. Because of its simple structure and small size, the sensor is applicable for various purposes, especially for embedding into the material and forming so-called intelligent materials or structures.
g) Capable for long-term monitoring.
Limitations are as follows:
a) A sensor can only cover one testing point of the structure, i.e. point monitoring;
b) Fiber grating sensors are subjected to both strain and temperature changes, so temperature compensation shall be presented as monitoring strain.
Contents of GB/T 36668.5-2020
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Overview
5 Safety requirements
6 Personnel requirements
7 Requirements for equipment and apparatus
8 Technological procedure of detection/monitoring
9 Detection/monitoring method
10 Detection/monitoring data processing method
11 Evaluation method
12 Inspection and maintenance strategy
13 Records and reports
