GB/T 50051-2021 Technical standard for chimney engineering English
1 General rules
1.0.1 This standard is formulated according to relevant laws and regulations in order to standardize and guide the design, construction and acceptance of chimneys, ensure personal health, life and property safety and ecological environment safety, and meet the basic needs of chimney engineering construction.
1.0.2 This standard is applicable to the design, construction and acceptance of newly-built concrete chimneys, FRP chimneys, steel chimneys, brick chimneys and other single tube chimneys, single liner chimneys and multi-liner chimneys, as well as the reinforcement and anti-corrosion reconstruction of existing chimneys.
1.0.3 In addition to the requirements of this standard, the design, construction and acceptance of chimneys shall also meet the requirements of relevant current national standards.
2 Terms
2.0.1 chimney
high-rise structure for discharging flue gas
2.0.2 dry chimney
chimney for discharging flue gas with relative humidity less than 60% and temperature not below 90℃
2.0.3 humid chimney
chimney for discharging flue gas with relative humidity greater than 60% and temperature above 60℃ but below 90℃
2.0.4 wet chimney
chimney for discharging flue gas with saturated relative humidity and temperature not above 60℃
2.0.5 self-supporting chimney
chimney with its shaft forming a stable structure, without any additional support
2.0.6 guyed chimney
chimney with the shaft and the cable forming a stable system
2.0.7 framed steel chimney
steel chimney with its own vertical load mainly borne by the liner, horizontal load mainly borne by the steel frame
2.0.8 single tube chimney
ordinary chimney with lining and insulation directly supported on the bracket of the shell or with lining directly stuck on the shell
2.0.9 single liner chimney
chimney with a liner set in the shell
2.0.10 multi-liner chimney
chimney with two or more liners sharing an outer shell or a frame
2.0.11 liner
exhaust tube in the shell of single liner chimney and multi-liner chimney
2.0.12 lining
self-bearing structure supported on the shell bracket in sections or the casting body directly attached to the shell via anchor bars distributed on the shell, which is used for protecting the insulation or the shell
2.0.13 shaft
parts above the chimney foundation, including the shell, insulation, lining, etc.
2.0.14 shell
outermost structure of chimney shaft, which is the load-bearing part of the whole shaft
2.0.15 insulation
structure placed between the shell and the lining, to ensure that the heating temperature of the shell does not exceed the specified maximum temperature
2.0.16 self-supporting liner
exhaust tube mainly bearing compressive stress in vertical direction and supported by outer barrel in horizontal direction under the action of deadweight load
2.0.17 suspended liner
exhaust tube mainly bearing tensile stress in vertical direction and supported by outer barrel in horizontal direction under the action of gravity load
2.0.18 confining bed
acid-resistant mortar layer outside the brick liner, used to seal the flue gas and prevent or reduce the leakage of flue gas
2.0.19 flue
part of the flue gas exhaust system, used to guide flue gas into the chimney
2.0.20 vortex shedding
cross-wind resonance phenomenon occurs when the vortex shedding frequency generated by airflow passing through the chimney surface is equal to or close to the natural vibration frequency of the structure
2.0.21 critical wind speed for vortex shedding
minimum wind speed when the chimney is exposed to cross-wind resonance
2.0.22 lock in
wind speed range in which vortex shedding is generated when the vortex shedding frequency of the wind is equal to or close to the natural vibration frequency of the structure
2.0.23 strake (vane)
vibration damping device for reducing vortex shedding response by suppressing the regular vortex shedding of wind
2.0.24 fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) liner
liner with fiber and its products as reinforcement and synthetic resin as matrix, which is manufactured, connected and installed in sections by mechanical winding molding process
2.0.25 reactive flame-retardant resin
resin that contains flame-retardant elements such as chlorine, bromine and phosphorus in its main chain, and can make the cured FRP materials have the properties of difficult ignition and self-extinguishing after leaving the fire without adding or adding a small amount of auxiliary flame-retardant materials such as antimony trioxide. This kind of resin is not flame retardant in liquid state
2.0.26 matrix
resin part in FRP material
2.0.27 limited oxygen index (LOI)
minimum oxygen concentration (volume percent fraction) required to maintain balanced combustion of the test piece in the mixed gas of nitrogen and oxygen under specified conditions
2.0.28 flame-spread rating
index value measured by standard method for FRP laminate with thickness of 3mm ~ 4mm, resin content of 70% ~ 75% and reinforced by glass fiber chopped strand mats
2.0.29 winding angle
included angle between the length direction of the fiber bundle or belt wound on the mandrel and the meridian or bus of the mandrel
2.0.30 reinforcement
fiber material added into resin matrix, which can significantly improve the mechanical properties of composite products
2.0.31 heat-deflection temperature (HDT)
temperature at which the resin casting specimen produces the specified deformation amount under the specified static load according to the tube supported beam model in the specified liquid heat transfer medium heating at a constant rate
2.0.32 glass transition temperature
temperature (Tg) corresponding to the glass transition (i.e. when the resin casting specimen reaches a certain temperature at a certain temperature rising rate, it changes from a hard glassy brittle state to a flexible elastic state, and its physical parameters change discontinuously), which is the basis for determining the maximum working temperature of the resin, and its value is usually 15℃ ~ 25℃ higher than the heat-deflection temperature
2.0.33 hydraulic sliding form
process of continuous construction with the embedded supporting rod of the shell (wall) as the supporting point, using the hydraulic jack to lift the working platform and sliding form
2.0.34 motor-driven ( hydraulic) promote form
process of intermittent construction of inverted mould with the preformed hole or embedded supporting rod of the shell (wall) as the supporting point, using the motor or hydraulic jack to lift the working platform and sliding form
2.0.35 two-side sliding form
process of carrying out hydraulic sliding form construction for the shell and the lining simultaneously
2.0.36 hydraulic jacking
method for installing steel chimney or steel liner in segments from top to bottom by using hydraulic jacking equipment
2.0.37 hydraulic lifting
method for installing steel chimney or steel liner in segments from top to bottom by using hydraulic lifting equipment
2.0.38 pneumatic jacking
method for installing steel chimney or steel liner in segments from top to bottom by using pneumatic jacking equipment
2.0.39 assessed working life for existing chimney
working life of existing chimneys estimated based on reliability assessment under specified conditions
2.0.40 design working life for strengthening of existing chimney
working life of the strengthened chimney specified in the strengthening design, which can be used for intended purpose without re-inspection and identification
2.0.41 design working life for corrosion resistance of chimney
working life of the chimney specified in the anti-corrosion design, which can be used for intended purpose under normal construction and maintenance conditions
3 Basic requirements
3.1 Design requirements
3.1.1 In this standard, the limit state design method based on probability theory is adopted, the reliability of structural members is measured by reliability index, and design expression of partial coefficient is adopted for structural calculation.
3.1.2 The limit state design of chimney structure and its accessory members shall include:
1 Limit state of bearing capacity: the chimney structure or accessory members reach the maximum bearing capacity, such as strength failure, local or overall instability, and excessive deformation making it unsuitable for continuous bearing, etc.
2 Serviceability limit state: chimney structure or accessory members reach the specified limit for normal working, such as the limits of deformation, crack and maximum heating temperature, etc.
3.1.3 The bearing capacity limit state shall be designed based on different design conditions, including basic combination, accidental combination and seismic combination of action effects. The serviceability limit state shall be designed according to the standard combination, frequent combination and quasi-permanent combination of action effects.
3.1.4 The safety grade and structural importance coefficient of chimneys shall meet the following requirements:
1 The safety grade of a chimney shall not be less than Grade II. When the chimney height is not less than 200m or the unit capacity is not less than 300MW, the safety grade of the chimney shall be Grade I.
2 The structural importance coefficient γ0 of a chimney shall not be less than those specified in Table 3.1.4.
Table 3.1.4 Structural importance coefficient γ0
Foreword i
1 General rules
2 Terms
3 Basic requirements
3.1 Design requirements
3.2 Construction requirements
3.3 Acceptance requirements
4 Materials
4.1 Masonry
4.2 Concrete
4.3 Steel bar and steel product
4.4 Material thermal calculation index
5 Loads and actions
5.1 General requirements
5.2 Wind load
5.3 Platform live load and dust load
5.4 Ice load
5.5 Seismic action
5.6 Temperature action
5.7 Flue gas pressure calculation
6 Foundation
6.1 General requirements
6.2 Calculation of bearing capacity of foundation
6.3 Calculation of foundation deformation
6.4 Foundation stability calculation
6.5 Calculation of slab foundation
6.6 Pile foundation calculation
6.7 Structure regulations
6.8 Earthwork and foundation pit construction
6.9 Reinforcement engineering construction
6.10 Formwork construction
6.11 Concrete engineering construction
6.12 Construction quality inspection
7 Concrete chimney
7.1 General requirements
7.2 Additional bending moment calculation
7.3 Calculation of shell bearing capacity at ultimate limit state
7.4 Calculation of shell at serviceability limit state
7.5 Structure regulations
7.6 Reinforcement engineering construction
7.7 Formwork construction
7.8 Concrete engineering construction
7.9 Construction quality inspection
8 Steel liner and brick liner
8.1 General requirements
8.2 Calculation regulations
8.3 Self-supporting steel liner
8.4 Suspended steel liner
8.5 Brick liner
8.6 Design structure
8.7 Manufacture
8.8 Welding
8.9 Installation
8.10 Construction quality inspection
9 FRP liner
9.1 General requirements
9.2 Materials
9.3 Laminate design
9.4 Self-supporting FRP liner
9.5 Suspended FRP liner
9.6 Connection and stiffening
9.7 Design and detailing
9.8 Manufacture
9.9 Installation
9.10 Construction quality inspection
10 Steel chimney
10.1 General requirements
10.2 Framed steel chimney design
10.3 Self-supporting steel chimney
10.4 Guyed steel chimney
10.5 Installation
11 Brick chimney
11.1 General requirements
11.2 Calculation of horizontal section
11.3 Calculation of hoops
11.4 Calculation of circumferential bar
11.5 Calculation of vertical bar
11.6 Design structure
11.7 Construction
11.8 Construction quality inspection
12 Anticorrosion of chimney
12.1 General requirements
12.2 Selection of chimney materials as well as structures and types
12.3 Anticorrosion of brick chimney
12.4 Anticorrosion of single tube reinforced concrete chimney
12.5 Anticorrosion of brick liner for single liner chimney and multi-liner chimney
12.6 Anticorrosion of steel liner for single liner chimney and multi-liner chimney
12.7 Anticorrosion of steel chimney
12.8 Construction quality inspection
13 Chimney platform
13.1 General requirements
13.2 Platform design
13.3 Platform fabrication and installation
13.4 Construction quality inspection
14 Lining and insulation construction
14.1 General requirement
14.2 Brick lining (liner) and insulation
14.3 Lining of amorphous material
14.4 Construction quality inspection
15 Flue
15.1 General requirement
15.2 Underground flue
15.3 Overhead flue
15.4 Construction quality inspection
16 Aeronautical obstacle lamp and signs
16.1 General requirement
16.2 Distribution of obstacle lamps
16.3 Design requirements of aeronautical obstacle lamp
16.4 Construction quality inspection
17 Reinforcement and anti-corrosion renovation of existing chimneys
17.1 General requirement
17.2 Design principles of chimney reinforcement and anti-corrosion renovation
17.3 Selection of reinforcement and repair materials
17.4 Top hoisting of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) liner
17.5 Construction quality inspection
18 Construction quality inspection of ancillary works
19 Winter construction
19.1 General requirement
19.2 Foundation
19.3 Brick chimney shell
19.4 Concrete chimney shell
19.5 Steel chimney (steel liner) and steel members
19.6 Single tube chimney lining
20 Construction safety
21 Chimney drying
22 Acceptance of engineering quality
Annex A Vertical average additional stress coefficient of circular foundation
Annex B Stability coefficient of welded cylinder section under axial compression
Annex C Records on quality management and inspection of construction site
Annex D Quality acceptance records of inspection lot
Annex E Quality acceptance records of subitem works
Annex F Quality acceptance record of subsection (sub-subsection) works
Annex G Pre-acceptance records of unit (sub-unit) work quality
Annex H Completion acceptance record of unit (sub-unit) work quality
Explanation of wording in this standard
List of quoted standards
GB/T 50051-2021 Technical standard for chimney engineering English
1 General rules
1.0.1 This standard is formulated according to relevant laws and regulations in order to standardize and guide the design, construction and acceptance of chimneys, ensure personal health, life and property safety and ecological environment safety, and meet the basic needs of chimney engineering construction.
1.0.2 This standard is applicable to the design, construction and acceptance of newly-built concrete chimneys, FRP chimneys, steel chimneys, brick chimneys and other single tube chimneys, single liner chimneys and multi-liner chimneys, as well as the reinforcement and anti-corrosion reconstruction of existing chimneys.
1.0.3 In addition to the requirements of this standard, the design, construction and acceptance of chimneys shall also meet the requirements of relevant current national standards.
2 Terms
2.0.1 chimney
high-rise structure for discharging flue gas
2.0.2 dry chimney
chimney for discharging flue gas with relative humidity less than 60% and temperature not below 90℃
2.0.3 humid chimney
chimney for discharging flue gas with relative humidity greater than 60% and temperature above 60℃ but below 90℃
2.0.4 wet chimney
chimney for discharging flue gas with saturated relative humidity and temperature not above 60℃
2.0.5 self-supporting chimney
chimney with its shaft forming a stable structure, without any additional support
2.0.6 guyed chimney
chimney with the shaft and the cable forming a stable system
2.0.7 framed steel chimney
steel chimney with its own vertical load mainly borne by the liner, horizontal load mainly borne by the steel frame
2.0.8 single tube chimney
ordinary chimney with lining and insulation directly supported on the bracket of the shell or with lining directly stuck on the shell
2.0.9 single liner chimney
chimney with a liner set in the shell
2.0.10 multi-liner chimney
chimney with two or more liners sharing an outer shell or a frame
2.0.11 liner
exhaust tube in the shell of single liner chimney and multi-liner chimney
2.0.12 lining
self-bearing structure supported on the shell bracket in sections or the casting body directly attached to the shell via anchor bars distributed on the shell, which is used for protecting the insulation or the shell
2.0.13 shaft
parts above the chimney foundation, including the shell, insulation, lining, etc.
2.0.14 shell
outermost structure of chimney shaft, which is the load-bearing part of the whole shaft
2.0.15 insulation
structure placed between the shell and the lining, to ensure that the heating temperature of the shell does not exceed the specified maximum temperature
2.0.16 self-supporting liner
exhaust tube mainly bearing compressive stress in vertical direction and supported by outer barrel in horizontal direction under the action of deadweight load
2.0.17 suspended liner
exhaust tube mainly bearing tensile stress in vertical direction and supported by outer barrel in horizontal direction under the action of gravity load
2.0.18 confining bed
acid-resistant mortar layer outside the brick liner, used to seal the flue gas and prevent or reduce the leakage of flue gas
2.0.19 flue
part of the flue gas exhaust system, used to guide flue gas into the chimney
2.0.20 vortex shedding
cross-wind resonance phenomenon occurs when the vortex shedding frequency generated by airflow passing through the chimney surface is equal to or close to the natural vibration frequency of the structure
2.0.21 critical wind speed for vortex shedding
minimum wind speed when the chimney is exposed to cross-wind resonance
2.0.22 lock in
wind speed range in which vortex shedding is generated when the vortex shedding frequency of the wind is equal to or close to the natural vibration frequency of the structure
2.0.23 strake (vane)
vibration damping device for reducing vortex shedding response by suppressing the regular vortex shedding of wind
2.0.24 fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) liner
liner with fiber and its products as reinforcement and synthetic resin as matrix, which is manufactured, connected and installed in sections by mechanical winding molding process
2.0.25 reactive flame-retardant resin
resin that contains flame-retardant elements such as chlorine, bromine and phosphorus in its main chain, and can make the cured FRP materials have the properties of difficult ignition and self-extinguishing after leaving the fire without adding or adding a small amount of auxiliary flame-retardant materials such as antimony trioxide. This kind of resin is not flame retardant in liquid state
2.0.26 matrix
resin part in FRP material
2.0.27 limited oxygen index (LOI)
minimum oxygen concentration (volume percent fraction) required to maintain balanced combustion of the test piece in the mixed gas of nitrogen and oxygen under specified conditions
2.0.28 flame-spread rating
index value measured by standard method for FRP laminate with thickness of 3mm ~ 4mm, resin content of 70% ~ 75% and reinforced by glass fiber chopped strand mats
2.0.29 winding angle
included angle between the length direction of the fiber bundle or belt wound on the mandrel and the meridian or bus of the mandrel
2.0.30 reinforcement
fiber material added into resin matrix, which can significantly improve the mechanical properties of composite products
2.0.31 heat-deflection temperature (HDT)
temperature at which the resin casting specimen produces the specified deformation amount under the specified static load according to the tube supported beam model in the specified liquid heat transfer medium heating at a constant rate
2.0.32 glass transition temperature
temperature (Tg) corresponding to the glass transition (i.e. when the resin casting specimen reaches a certain temperature at a certain temperature rising rate, it changes from a hard glassy brittle state to a flexible elastic state, and its physical parameters change discontinuously), which is the basis for determining the maximum working temperature of the resin, and its value is usually 15℃ ~ 25℃ higher than the heat-deflection temperature
2.0.33 hydraulic sliding form
process of continuous construction with the embedded supporting rod of the shell (wall) as the supporting point, using the hydraulic jack to lift the working platform and sliding form
2.0.34 motor-driven ( hydraulic) promote form
process of intermittent construction of inverted mould with the preformed hole or embedded supporting rod of the shell (wall) as the supporting point, using the motor or hydraulic jack to lift the working platform and sliding form
2.0.35 two-side sliding form
process of carrying out hydraulic sliding form construction for the shell and the lining simultaneously
2.0.36 hydraulic jacking
method for installing steel chimney or steel liner in segments from top to bottom by using hydraulic jacking equipment
2.0.37 hydraulic lifting
method for installing steel chimney or steel liner in segments from top to bottom by using hydraulic lifting equipment
2.0.38 pneumatic jacking
method for installing steel chimney or steel liner in segments from top to bottom by using pneumatic jacking equipment
2.0.39 assessed working life for existing chimney
working life of existing chimneys estimated based on reliability assessment under specified conditions
2.0.40 design working life for strengthening of existing chimney
working life of the strengthened chimney specified in the strengthening design, which can be used for intended purpose without re-inspection and identification
2.0.41 design working life for corrosion resistance of chimney
working life of the chimney specified in the anti-corrosion design, which can be used for intended purpose under normal construction and maintenance conditions
3 Basic requirements
3.1 Design requirements
3.1.1 In this standard, the limit state design method based on probability theory is adopted, the reliability of structural members is measured by reliability index, and design expression of partial coefficient is adopted for structural calculation.
3.1.2 The limit state design of chimney structure and its accessory members shall include:
1 Limit state of bearing capacity: the chimney structure or accessory members reach the maximum bearing capacity, such as strength failure, local or overall instability, and excessive deformation making it unsuitable for continuous bearing, etc.
2 Serviceability limit state: chimney structure or accessory members reach the specified limit for normal working, such as the limits of deformation, crack and maximum heating temperature, etc.
3.1.3 The bearing capacity limit state shall be designed based on different design conditions, including basic combination, accidental combination and seismic combination of action effects. The serviceability limit state shall be designed according to the standard combination, frequent combination and quasi-permanent combination of action effects.
3.1.4 The safety grade and structural importance coefficient of chimneys shall meet the following requirements:
1 The safety grade of a chimney shall not be less than Grade II. When the chimney height is not less than 200m or the unit capacity is not less than 300MW, the safety grade of the chimney shall be Grade I.
2 The structural importance coefficient γ0 of a chimney shall not be less than those specified in Table 3.1.4.
Table 3.1.4 Structural importance coefficient γ0
Contents of GB/T 50051-2021
Foreword i
1 General rules
2 Terms
3 Basic requirements
3.1 Design requirements
3.2 Construction requirements
3.3 Acceptance requirements
4 Materials
4.1 Masonry
4.2 Concrete
4.3 Steel bar and steel product
4.4 Material thermal calculation index
5 Loads and actions
5.1 General requirements
5.2 Wind load
5.3 Platform live load and dust load
5.4 Ice load
5.5 Seismic action
5.6 Temperature action
5.7 Flue gas pressure calculation
6 Foundation
6.1 General requirements
6.2 Calculation of bearing capacity of foundation
6.3 Calculation of foundation deformation
6.4 Foundation stability calculation
6.5 Calculation of slab foundation
6.6 Pile foundation calculation
6.7 Structure regulations
6.8 Earthwork and foundation pit construction
6.9 Reinforcement engineering construction
6.10 Formwork construction
6.11 Concrete engineering construction
6.12 Construction quality inspection
7 Concrete chimney
7.1 General requirements
7.2 Additional bending moment calculation
7.3 Calculation of shell bearing capacity at ultimate limit state
7.4 Calculation of shell at serviceability limit state
7.5 Structure regulations
7.6 Reinforcement engineering construction
7.7 Formwork construction
7.8 Concrete engineering construction
7.9 Construction quality inspection
8 Steel liner and brick liner
8.1 General requirements
8.2 Calculation regulations
8.3 Self-supporting steel liner
8.4 Suspended steel liner
8.5 Brick liner
8.6 Design structure
8.7 Manufacture
8.8 Welding
8.9 Installation
8.10 Construction quality inspection
9 FRP liner
9.1 General requirements
9.2 Materials
9.3 Laminate design
9.4 Self-supporting FRP liner
9.5 Suspended FRP liner
9.6 Connection and stiffening
9.7 Design and detailing
9.8 Manufacture
9.9 Installation
9.10 Construction quality inspection
10 Steel chimney
10.1 General requirements
10.2 Framed steel chimney design
10.3 Self-supporting steel chimney
10.4 Guyed steel chimney
10.5 Installation
11 Brick chimney
11.1 General requirements
11.2 Calculation of horizontal section
11.3 Calculation of hoops
11.4 Calculation of circumferential bar
11.5 Calculation of vertical bar
11.6 Design structure
11.7 Construction
11.8 Construction quality inspection
12 Anticorrosion of chimney
12.1 General requirements
12.2 Selection of chimney materials as well as structures and types
12.3 Anticorrosion of brick chimney
12.4 Anticorrosion of single tube reinforced concrete chimney
12.5 Anticorrosion of brick liner for single liner chimney and multi-liner chimney
12.6 Anticorrosion of steel liner for single liner chimney and multi-liner chimney
12.7 Anticorrosion of steel chimney
12.8 Construction quality inspection
13 Chimney platform
13.1 General requirements
13.2 Platform design
13.3 Platform fabrication and installation
13.4 Construction quality inspection
14 Lining and insulation construction
14.1 General requirement
14.2 Brick lining (liner) and insulation
14.3 Lining of amorphous material
14.4 Construction quality inspection
15 Flue
15.1 General requirement
15.2 Underground flue
15.3 Overhead flue
15.4 Construction quality inspection
16 Aeronautical obstacle lamp and signs
16.1 General requirement
16.2 Distribution of obstacle lamps
16.3 Design requirements of aeronautical obstacle lamp
16.4 Construction quality inspection
17 Reinforcement and anti-corrosion renovation of existing chimneys
17.1 General requirement
17.2 Design principles of chimney reinforcement and anti-corrosion renovation
17.3 Selection of reinforcement and repair materials
17.4 Top hoisting of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) liner
17.5 Construction quality inspection
18 Construction quality inspection of ancillary works
19 Winter construction
19.1 General requirement
19.2 Foundation
19.3 Brick chimney shell
19.4 Concrete chimney shell
19.5 Steel chimney (steel liner) and steel members
19.6 Single tube chimney lining
20 Construction safety
21 Chimney drying
22 Acceptance of engineering quality
Annex A Vertical average additional stress coefficient of circular foundation
Annex B Stability coefficient of welded cylinder section under axial compression
Annex C Records on quality management and inspection of construction site
Annex D Quality acceptance records of inspection lot
Annex E Quality acceptance records of subitem works
Annex F Quality acceptance record of subsection (sub-subsection) works
Annex G Pre-acceptance records of unit (sub-unit) work quality
Annex H Completion acceptance record of unit (sub-unit) work quality
Explanation of wording in this standard
List of quoted standards
