Terminology, definition and identification of biobased materials
1 Scope
This standard specifies the terminologies, definitions and identification requirements for biobased materials.
This standard applies to the following types of biobased materials, including biobased chemicals, polymers, plastics, biobased chemical fibers, biobased rubber, biobased coatings, biobased material additives, biobased composite materials and various types of products made from biobased materials.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T1844.2 Plastics-Symbols and abbreviated terms-Part 2: filling materials and reinforcing materials
GB/T1844.3 Plastics - Symbols and abbreviated terms - Part 3: Plasticizers
ISO1043-4 Plastics-Symbols and abbreviated terms-Part 4: Flame retardants)
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 biomass
various organisms are formed through photosynthesis.
Note: Including all materials derived from animals, plants and microorganisms.
3.2 bio-carbon
modern organic carbon element.
3.3 biomass content
the mass fraction of biomass in the sample.
Note: Due to the lack of standards, it is difficult to verify the biomass content claim.
3.4 renewable resource
resources that are replenished by natural processes at a rate commensurate with their utilization ratio.
3.5 biobased
biomass based
biosourced
biogenic
from renewable resource
derived from biomass.
3.6 biobased carbon content
the content of modern carbon in materials or products, which is proved by its content of carbon fourteen isotope.
Note: the biobased carbon content in materials or products is usually expressed as a percentage of the total organic carbon weight (mass) of the product.
3.7 biobased content
percentage of the ratio of organic carbon radioactivity per gram of sample to organic carbon radioactivity per gram of modern carbon reference material.
Note: It represents the percentage of modern organic carbon obtained from renewable resources in the sample, not the percentage of the total mass of the sample.
3.8 biocompatibility
the performance of living body tissue to react to inactive exogenous materials, and the compatibility between the material and living body tissue.
Note: Biocompatibility means that the polymer will not damage the tissues and metabolism of humans or animals in any way while achieving the expected functions (such as artificial hip joints or knee joints) during medical procedures.
3.9 biobased material; BBM
materials are obtained by using biomass as raw material or (and) through biological manufacturing.
Note 1: Including basic biobased chemicals and sugar engineering products such as bio-alcohols, organic acids, alkanes, alkenes and so on,which use biomass as raw materials or (and) are prepared through biosynthesis, bio-processing, and bio-refining processes. Also including biobased polymers, biobased plastics, biobased chemical fibers, biobased rubber, biobased coatings, biobased material additives, biobased composite materials and other products made from various biobased materials.
Note 2: Refer to Annex A for the classification of biobased materials.
3.10 biobased chemicals
chemicals that are converted from biomass with the participation of microorganisms or through biochemical methods.
3.11 biobased products
usable products that are made from biobased materials through processing.
3.12 polymer
a substance is composed of chain links characterized by multiple repetitions of one or more atoms or atomic groups (structural units) connected by covalent bonds.
Note: The relative molecular mass is sufficient to ensure that the overall performance does not change significantly with the addition or removal of one or several structural units.
3.13 biobased polymer
polymers whose component units are wholly or partly derived from biomass.
3.14 biopolymer
biosynthetic polymers derived from biomass and polymers derived from renewable materials as initial raw materials.
Note: Sometimes biopolymers also refer to those biodegradable polymers. In this case, the focus is on biodegradability and the possibility of organic waste recycling.
3.15 natural polymer
polymers formed through the natural growth of organisms.
Note: The natural polymers that have been applied on a large scale mainly include plant fibers (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), natural rubber, starch, protein, chitin/chitosan, etc.
3.16 plant fiber
a thick-walled tissue commonly found in seed plants.
Note 1: The cells of plant fibers are long and slender with sharp ends and thick secondary walls. There are often single pores on the walls, with generally no living protoplasts at maturity.
Note 2: Plant fibers mainly play a mechanical support role in the plant body.
3.17 cellulose
a macromolecular polysaccharide with β-D-glucopyranose as its structural unit;it is the main component of plant cell walls.
Note: Cellulose is the polysaccharide in nature with the largest stock and widest distribution, accounting for more than 50% of the carbon content in plants.
3.18 hemicellulose
heteropolymers composed of several different types of monosaccharides.
Note: These monosaccharides are pentoses and hexoses, including xylose, arabinose and galactose. Hemicellulose xylan accounts for 50% of the total amount of wood tissue. It binds to the surface of cellulose microfibers and is connected to each other to form a firm network of inter-linked cells.
3.19 lignin
an amorphous aromatic polymer widely presents in plants, whose molecular structure contains oxyphenylpropanol or its derivative structural unit.
3.20 starch
a macromolecular polysaccharide whose structural unit is α-D-glucopyranose.
Note: It is the most common storage form of carbohydrates in cells and the chemical structure is (C6H10O5)n. Amylose and amylopectin are the two types of starch.
3.21 protein
an organic macromolecule formed by one or more polypeptide chains combining in a specific way ,and these chains are derived from polymerization of α-amino acids.
3.22 chitin
a macromolecular polysaccharide whose structural unit is β-2-acetylamino-D-glucopyranose.
Note 1: It is widely found in lower plant fungi, the shells of shrimps, crabs, insects and other crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi.
Note 2: Chitin is a linear polymer polysaccharide, and chitosan can be obtained if the acetyl group is removed by treatment with concentrated alkali.
3.23 chitosan
a macromolecular polysaccharide of β-2-amino-D-glucopyranose obtained by deacetylation of chitin.
3.24 natural rubber
a natural polymer compound with cis-1,4-polyisoprene as the main component.
Note 1: The molecular formula is (C5H8)n , and natural rubber is the most widely used general-purpose rubber.
Note 2: 91% to 94% of its components are rubber hydrocarbons (cis-1,4-polyisoprene), and the rest are non-rubber substances such as proteins, fatty acids, ash content, and saccharides.
3.25 plastic
A material that uses polymer as the main component and can be flow-molded at a certain stage when being processed into an end product.
Note 1: The deformation resistance of plastic moderate, between fiber and rubber. According to whether it can be thermoplastic processed repeatedly, it can be divided into two types: thermoplastic and thermosetting.
Note 2: Elastic materials can also be flow-molded, but they are not considered as plastics.
3.26 biobased plastic
plastics whose component units are completely or partly derived from biomass sources.
3.27 bioplastic
biosynthetic plastics derived from biomass and plastics obtained from renewable materials as initial raw materials.
Note: Sometimes bioplastics refer to those plastics used in biodegradable products. In this case, the focus is on the biodegradability of plastics and the possibility of organic waste recycling.
3.28 biodegradation
The material decomposition process through biologically active enzymes, in which the material is gradually digested by microorganisms or certain organisms as a nutrient source, resulting in a decrease in relative molecular weight, quality loss, and physical properties, etc., and is finally decomposed into simpler components, mineralized inorganic salts of chemical compounds and contained elements, and biological dead bodies.
Note: Simple compounds include carbon dioxide (CO2) and/ or methane (CH4), water (H2O), etc.
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Identification
Annex A (Informative) Classification of biobased materials
Bibliography
Index
Terminology, definition and identification of biobased materials
1 Scope
This standard specifies the terminologies, definitions and identification requirements for biobased materials.
This standard applies to the following types of biobased materials, including biobased chemicals, polymers, plastics, biobased chemical fibers, biobased rubber, biobased coatings, biobased material additives, biobased composite materials and various types of products made from biobased materials.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T1844.2 Plastics-Symbols and abbreviated terms-Part 2: filling materials and reinforcing materials
GB/T1844.3 Plastics - Symbols and abbreviated terms - Part 3: Plasticizers
ISO1043-4 Plastics-Symbols and abbreviated terms-Part 4: Flame retardants)
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 biomass
various organisms are formed through photosynthesis.
Note: Including all materials derived from animals, plants and microorganisms.
3.2 bio-carbon
modern organic carbon element.
3.3 biomass content
the mass fraction of biomass in the sample.
Note: Due to the lack of standards, it is difficult to verify the biomass content claim.
3.4 renewable resource
resources that are replenished by natural processes at a rate commensurate with their utilization ratio.
3.5 biobased
biomass based
biosourced
biogenic
from renewable resource
derived from biomass.
3.6 biobased carbon content
the content of modern carbon in materials or products, which is proved by its content of carbon fourteen isotope.
Note: the biobased carbon content in materials or products is usually expressed as a percentage of the total organic carbon weight (mass) of the product.
3.7 biobased content
percentage of the ratio of organic carbon radioactivity per gram of sample to organic carbon radioactivity per gram of modern carbon reference material.
Note: It represents the percentage of modern organic carbon obtained from renewable resources in the sample, not the percentage of the total mass of the sample.
3.8 biocompatibility
the performance of living body tissue to react to inactive exogenous materials, and the compatibility between the material and living body tissue.
Note: Biocompatibility means that the polymer will not damage the tissues and metabolism of humans or animals in any way while achieving the expected functions (such as artificial hip joints or knee joints) during medical procedures.
3.9 biobased material; BBM
materials are obtained by using biomass as raw material or (and) through biological manufacturing.
Note 1: Including basic biobased chemicals and sugar engineering products such as bio-alcohols, organic acids, alkanes, alkenes and so on,which use biomass as raw materials or (and) are prepared through biosynthesis, bio-processing, and bio-refining processes. Also including biobased polymers, biobased plastics, biobased chemical fibers, biobased rubber, biobased coatings, biobased material additives, biobased composite materials and other products made from various biobased materials.
Note 2: Refer to Annex A for the classification of biobased materials.
3.10 biobased chemicals
chemicals that are converted from biomass with the participation of microorganisms or through biochemical methods.
3.11 biobased products
usable products that are made from biobased materials through processing.
3.12 polymer
a substance is composed of chain links characterized by multiple repetitions of one or more atoms or atomic groups (structural units) connected by covalent bonds.
Note: The relative molecular mass is sufficient to ensure that the overall performance does not change significantly with the addition or removal of one or several structural units.
3.13 biobased polymer
polymers whose component units are wholly or partly derived from biomass.
3.14 biopolymer
biosynthetic polymers derived from biomass and polymers derived from renewable materials as initial raw materials.
Note: Sometimes biopolymers also refer to those biodegradable polymers. In this case, the focus is on biodegradability and the possibility of organic waste recycling.
3.15 natural polymer
polymers formed through the natural growth of organisms.
Note: The natural polymers that have been applied on a large scale mainly include plant fibers (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), natural rubber, starch, protein, chitin/chitosan, etc.
3.16 plant fiber
a thick-walled tissue commonly found in seed plants.
Note 1: The cells of plant fibers are long and slender with sharp ends and thick secondary walls. There are often single pores on the walls, with generally no living protoplasts at maturity.
Note 2: Plant fibers mainly play a mechanical support role in the plant body.
3.17 cellulose
a macromolecular polysaccharide with β-D-glucopyranose as its structural unit;it is the main component of plant cell walls.
Note: Cellulose is the polysaccharide in nature with the largest stock and widest distribution, accounting for more than 50% of the carbon content in plants.
3.18 hemicellulose
heteropolymers composed of several different types of monosaccharides.
Note: These monosaccharides are pentoses and hexoses, including xylose, arabinose and galactose. Hemicellulose xylan accounts for 50% of the total amount of wood tissue. It binds to the surface of cellulose microfibers and is connected to each other to form a firm network of inter-linked cells.
3.19 lignin
an amorphous aromatic polymer widely presents in plants, whose molecular structure contains oxyphenylpropanol or its derivative structural unit.
3.20 starch
a macromolecular polysaccharide whose structural unit is α-D-glucopyranose.
Note: It is the most common storage form of carbohydrates in cells and the chemical structure is (C6H10O5)n. Amylose and amylopectin are the two types of starch.
3.21 protein
an organic macromolecule formed by one or more polypeptide chains combining in a specific way ,and these chains are derived from polymerization of α-amino acids.
3.22 chitin
a macromolecular polysaccharide whose structural unit is β-2-acetylamino-D-glucopyranose.
Note 1: It is widely found in lower plant fungi, the shells of shrimps, crabs, insects and other crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi.
Note 2: Chitin is a linear polymer polysaccharide, and chitosan can be obtained if the acetyl group is removed by treatment with concentrated alkali.
3.23 chitosan
a macromolecular polysaccharide of β-2-amino-D-glucopyranose obtained by deacetylation of chitin.
3.24 natural rubber
a natural polymer compound with cis-1,4-polyisoprene as the main component.
Note 1: The molecular formula is (C5H8)n , and natural rubber is the most widely used general-purpose rubber.
Note 2: 91% to 94% of its components are rubber hydrocarbons (cis-1,4-polyisoprene), and the rest are non-rubber substances such as proteins, fatty acids, ash content, and saccharides.
3.25 plastic
A material that uses polymer as the main component and can be flow-molded at a certain stage when being processed into an end product.
Note 1: The deformation resistance of plastic moderate, between fiber and rubber. According to whether it can be thermoplastic processed repeatedly, it can be divided into two types: thermoplastic and thermosetting.
Note 2: Elastic materials can also be flow-molded, but they are not considered as plastics.
3.26 biobased plastic
plastics whose component units are completely or partly derived from biomass sources.
3.27 bioplastic
biosynthetic plastics derived from biomass and plastics obtained from renewable materials as initial raw materials.
Note: Sometimes bioplastics refer to those plastics used in biodegradable products. In this case, the focus is on the biodegradability of plastics and the possibility of organic waste recycling.
3.28 biodegradation
The material decomposition process through biologically active enzymes, in which the material is gradually digested by microorganisms or certain organisms as a nutrient source, resulting in a decrease in relative molecular weight, quality loss, and physical properties, etc., and is finally decomposed into simpler components, mineralized inorganic salts of chemical compounds and contained elements, and biological dead bodies.
Note: Simple compounds include carbon dioxide (CO2) and/ or methane (CH4), water (H2O), etc.
Contents of GB/T 39514-2020
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Identification
Annex A (Informative) Classification of biobased materials
Bibliography
Index
